How Income Taxes Work – Even If You’re Not A Tax Person

Income taxes can be difficult.  There are literally thousands of pages of laws, and hundreds of different forms that some people have to use to file their income tax return.  However, the basic system isn’t really that complicated.

The Budget Billing Analogy

Before I explain the income tax system, let me explain something very similar:  budget billing for utilities. If you sign up for budget billing for your utilities, your total bill for the year is estimated, and divided up amongst twelve months. You make that estimated payment each month, regardless of the amount of your actual utility bill. At the end of the year, the company calculates the amount of all your payments, and the amount of all your bills, and compares them. If you’ve paid too much, you’ll get a refund of the overpayment. If you haven’t paid enough, you have to make up the difference.

The utility company has done a good job of estimating Terry’s and Shawn’s electric usage for the year, but they’re off by a little bit in each case. That’s to be expected; the utility company has no idea that Terry has decided to be very careful about his usage, or that Shawn is buying a huge new TV that uses a lot of electricity.

Each month, Terry and Shawn pay an estimated bill, and their accounts are tallied up at the end of the year. Terry has overpaid, so he is receiving a refund. Shawn has underpaid, so he has an additional amount due.

Does that make sense so far? Good, because income taxes are calculated pretty much the same way.

How Taxes Are Calculated

Income taxes are calculated on a yearly basis, but no one knows how much you’ll owe at the end of the year. Therefore, your employer has to estimate your yearly income and any deductions and credits you might receive. The employer uses the information you’ve provided on your W-4 Employee’s Withholding Allowance Certificate.  Each time you are paid, the employer calculates your estimated yearly tax bill and divides that amount by the number of pay periods in your year. They withhold that amount of money from your pay as for federal income taxes, and forward that money to the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) to be applied to your total tax bill at the end of the year. The IRS holds that money, like a savings account, to be used to pay your tax bill at the end of the year.

At the end of the year, you (or your tax preparer) add all your income from the year, subtract any adjustments to income,  and exemptions, to get your taxable income. Then, you calculate how much tax is owed on that taxable income.  Then, you subtract any credits (such as the child tax credit), and add any additional taxes owed (such as self-employment tax), to get your total tax liability. Then, you compare the amounts you’ve had withheld from your pay throughout the year, and apply any refundable credits (like the earned income credit.)  If you withheld too much, you get a refund. If you didn’t withhold enough, you’ll owe.

Just like with the electricity bill, you’re having estimated taxes taken out over the course of the year, in the form of withholding. This is the amount on your paycheck that says Federal Income Taxes. It’s not actually a tax payment, it is an estimated payment towards your total year’s bill.

At the end of the year, you calculate your taxes due and compare them to the total withholding that has been taken from your pay over the course of the year. If you’ve overpaid, you get a refund. If you’ve underpaid, you owe additional tax.

About Tax Brackets

One area that really confuses people is how tax brackets work. A lot of people think that if their income increases, and pushes them into a higher tax bracket, they’ll pay a lot more taxes. That simply isn’t true. Our tax system is nominal, meaning that you only pay the higher taxes on the income that falls into that higher bracket.

Our country currently has 7 tax brackets, with different income amounts for different filing statuses.

2019 Tax Brackets

Any income in the lower bracket is only taxed at that lower rate. Only the higher income is taxed at the higher amount.

You Might Have Several Parts

Another thing that is important to understand is that while you only have one total tax bill for the year, it is made up of several parts. It is important to understand how the parts impact your total bill. For example, you might have one W-2 income, and you might have a rental property, and you might have some 1099 income reported on a Schedule C. They all get lumped together in one total federal tax return, but the parts are important, too, for planning and understanding. For example, you might have a tax liability due to your W-2 income, but you might have a loss from your rental property, and you might owe a lot due to your self-employment (thanks to the Self-Employment Tax.)

If all you look at is the bottom line, you don’t really know how much each part is or is not costing you. I’ve found this to be particularly true of self-employment income: folks tell me, “I’m not paying taxes on my self-employment because we got a tax refund.” What they’re not seeing is that they would have had a much larger refund without the self-employment tax. This is only an example – it can work out all different kinds of ways – but that’s a common one.

I hope this makes the system a little simpler to understand. If you have questions, please ask in the comments, and I’ll explain them AND make this piece better.